African Journals Online
Acta Academica

Volume 34, Issue 2, 2002
Abstracts

Imagining yourself one of a multitude: ideology critique of urban crowd depictions
Van den Berg, Dirk 

Abstract: Revisiting the array of image formats for the scenic picturing of urban environments and concomitant spectator roles, the topic of this investigation is how certain crowd formations serve as manifestations of ideological power in modern cities. Examples of crowd depictions are drawn from both visual art and popular culture. Michel de Certeau sees panoptic surveillance in the modern city as calling forth a "scenic other" located below its threshold of visibility. Prompted by this notion, the aim of this study is to investigate the historical conjunctions between stereotypical views of urban masses and urban spaces in ideological perspectives, as well as certain typiconic features of a number of alternative visual traditions in Western depictions of the populace in urban settings.

Die onderwerp van hierdie herbeskouing van beeldformate en verwante betragtersrolle in scéniese uitbeeldings van stedelike omgewings is bepaalde skareformasies waardeur ideologiese mag in moderne stede gemanifesteer word. Voorbeelde van skarevoorstellings in die visuele kunste sowel as die populêre kultuur word betrek. Panoptiese bewaking in die moderne stad roep volgens Michel de Certeau 'n "scéniese andere" op, geleë ónder die drempel van sigbaarheid. Met dié siening as vertrekpunt, word kultuurhistoriese verbande ondersoek tussen stereotipe sienings van stedelike massas en stedelike ruimtes in bepaalde ideologiese beskouings en, aan die ander kant, die tipikoniese eienskappe van 'n aantal alternatiewe visuele tradisies wat 'n rol gespeel het in Westerse voorstellings van stedelike bevolkings.

"I" and "we" : writing the black female self in Kuzwayo's Call me woman and Morrison's Beloved
Sarinjeive, Devi 

Abstract: In the last two decades of the twentieth century there has been an upsurge of interest in self and identity studies. Through the bifocal lens of consciousness studies and black feminisms this article sets out to explore how the self is textually represented by the South African writer Ellen Kuzwayo, in her autobiography Call me woman, and the African-American Toni Morrison, in her fictional Beloved. The aim is to show that although both writers are black and may represent commonalities there are also many differences in their depictions of the female consciousness that ultimately takes its shape from interactions within its own social milieu.

Tydens die laaste twee dekades van die twintigste eeu was daar 'n toenemende belangstelling in self- en identiteitsnavorsing. Deur die bifokale lens van bewussynstudie en swart feminismes poog hierdie artikel om die eie-ek soos tekstueel deur die Suid-Afrikaanse skryfster Ellen Kuzwayo in haar outobiografie, Call me woman, en deur die Afro-Amerikaanse outeur Toni Morrison in die roman Beloved neerslag gegee, te ontleed. Daar sal aangetoon word dat, alhoewel beide skrywers swart is en daar dus raakpunte tussen hulle ervarings mag wees, daar beslis ook verskille is in hulle voorstelling van vroulike bewuswording wat uiteindelik vorm aanneem binne die betrokke sosiale milieu.

Walking the tightrope : the diplomacy of human rights
Stemmet, Andre 

Abstract: This article explores the historical and normative framework of human rights as an international issue, the tensions and conflicts faced by states in implementing diplomatic policies aimed at the protection and promotion of human rights, the salient debates in the human rights discourse and the instruments and institutional mechanisms available, in both the domestic and the international context, to implement human rights diplomacy. Finally, the limits of human rights diplomacy and its relationship to the use of force to achieve the same objectives is investigated.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek eerstens die historiese en normatiewe raamwerk van menseregte as 'n internasionale kwessie, tweedens die spanninge en teenstrydighede wat state ervaar in die implementering van diplomatieke beleidsrigtings wat die beskerming en bevordering van menseregte ten doel het, derdens die vernaamste debatte wat gevoer word binne die diskoers oor menseregte en vierdens die instrumente en institusionele meganismes wat beskikbaar is om menseregte binnelands sowel as in die internasionale konteks te verwesenlik. Laastens word die beperkinge van menseregtediplomasie, en die verhouding waarin dit staan met geweldgebruik ter bereiking van bepaalde oogmerke, ondersoek.

White Afrikaners' search for new identities
Erasmus, Piet 

Abstract: Theoretical points of view that are useful in gaining an understanding of and explaining identity are identified, and the following themes are developed: The Afrikaner was responsible for apartheid. On the other hand, Afrikaner identity is largely defined, determined and influenced by this same creation. Given this ambivalence, it was decided, first, to typify the conceptual framework of apartheid, and, secondly, to list the characteristics of Afrikaner identity within the apartheid framework. Thirdly, attention is devoted to the current debate on Afrikaner identity and the identity markers that are highlighted.

Teoretiese standpunte wat belangrik is vir die verstaan en verduideliking van identiteit word geïdentifiseer, waarna die volgende aangeleenthede beredeneer word. Die Afrikaner was verantwoordelik vir apartheid. Aan die ander kant het hierdie maaksel sy Afrikaneridentiteit tot 'n groot mate bepaal, beïnvloed en gedefinieer. Om dié ambivalensie te verduidelik, is besluit om eerstens die konseptuele raamwerk van apartheid te ontleed en, tweedens, die kenmerke van Afrikaneridentiteit binne die apartheidsraamwerk te lys. Derdens word identiteitsmerkers uitgewys wat in die huidige debat oor Afrikaneridentiteit uitgekristalliseer het.

The politics of social protection in South Africa : reflections on establishing a welfare state
Venter, Albert 

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to reflect on the advances made in the direction of a welfare state in South Africa, and the possibility of its establishment. In order to reflect on the question whether South Africa's political economy is moving towards a welfare state, certain arguments are advanced. First, a brief comment on South Africa's political economy is offered. Secondly, some key theories and actors that could influence the South African political economy's movement towards a welfare state are identified. Thirdly, the reflects on the question of whether such a movement is taking place as well as the likelihood of a welfare state's developing in South Africa.

Die doel van hierdie artikel is om te besin oor die vordering wat gemaak word met sowel as die moontlikheid om 'n welsynstaat in Suid-Afrika te bewerkstellig. Ten einde oor die vraagstuk te besin of Suid-Afrika se politieke ekonomie in die rigting van 'n welsynstaat vorder, word die volgende argumente aangevoer. Ten eerste lewer die skrywer kortliks kommentaar oor Suid-Afrika se politieke ekonomie. Tweedens word 'n aantal teorieë en akteurs geïdentifiseer wat Suid-Afrika se ontwikkeling tot 'n welsynstaat kan beïnvloed. Derdens word besin oor die vraag of 'n beweging na 'n welsynstaat inderdaad plaasvind, sowel as oor die moontlikheid of 'n welsynstaat in Suid-Afrika gevestig kan word.

Education for sustainable development and the virtue of education
Higgs, Philip 

Abstract: In this article I shall critically reflect on the discourse of education for "sustainable development". When referring to the virtue of education, I shall argue that the discourse on education for "sustainable development" should be informed not only by economic, environmental and sociological considerations, but also by an educational content which regards education as a matter of personal engagement. Such an educational content will ensure the safeguarding of the virtues which sustain a human/e world and the self-empowerment of people.

In hierdie artikel word krities besin oor die diskoers rondom "volhoubare ontwikkeling". Met verwysing na die deugsaamheid van onderwys word die mening uitgespreek dat die diskoers oor onderwys vir "volhoubare ontwikkeling" nie slegs ekonomiese en sosiologiese oorwegings moet verreken nie, maar dat 'n benadering tot onderwys wat persoonlike betrokkenheid impliseer, ook betrek moet word. Sodanige benadering sal deugde verseker wat sowel 'n menswaardige wêreld as selfbemagtiging van mense onderskraag.

Mathematics learning in the foundation phase : facilitating a parent-teacher partnership
Du Toit, PetrusaFroneman, DorotheaMaree, Kobus 

Abstract: The approach to mathematical learning and teaching in South Africa has changed considerably in recent years. The new curriculum, Curriculum 2005, promotes a problem-centred, outcomes-based approach to mathematics instruction based on constructivist viewpoints. In this article, co-operation between parents and teachers involving the education of parents in the new approach to teaching mathematics, is advocated. Guidelines are provided for the encouragement and education of parents in the support of their children's mathematical learning. It is hoped that this will contribute towards stimulating parental involvement in the prevention of learners' mathematical problems, especially in the Foundation Phase, and ultimately towards better achievement in mathematics throughout education.

Die benadering tot die onderrig en leer van wiskunde in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope paar jaar drasties verander. Die nuwe kurrikulum, Kurrikulum 2005, poog om 'n probleemgesentreerde, uitkomsgebaseerde benadering tot leerfasilitering in wiskunde (gebaseer op die konstruktiwistiese epistemologie) te bewerkstellig. In hierdie artikel word samewerking tussen ouers en onderwysers sterk ondersteun. Dit beteken onder meer dat ouers ingelig word rakende die nuwe benadering tot die wiskunde-onderrig. Riglyne word voorsien aan die hand waarvan ouers aangemoedig en touwys gemaak behoort te word in die ondersteuning van hul kinders se wiskundeleer. Implementering van hierdie riglyne behoort 'n bydrae te lewer tot die fasilitering van ouerbetrokkenheid rakende die voorkoming van leerders se wiskundeprobleme, veral in die grondslagfase. Die einddoel bly egter beter wiskundeprestasie dwarsdeur die leerder se skoolloopbaan.

Direct marketing as a solution to unsafe retail shopping
Jordaan, Yolanda 

Abstract: Fear of crime has become an important issue, largely because of its perceived effects on people's social behaviour. The purpose of this article is to focus on the impact of crime on South African consumers and on how the retail environment is influenced by the changes in social behaviour brought about by fear of victimisation. Special attention is paid to the implications for South African retailers because, in a society plagued by crime, retailers can consider direct marketing as a value-added shopping channel to consumers in need of a safer alternative. The main findings of an exploratory study indicate that those who have been victims of crime at a store or shopping centre, and especially women, are more sensitive to safety concerns while shopping

Vrees vir geweld het 'n belangrike vraagstuk in Suid-Afrika geword vanweë die waargenome effek daarvan op mense se sosiale gedrag. Hierdie artikel fokus op die impak wat geweld op Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikers het, asook op wyses waarop die kleinhandelsomgewing deur die veranderinge in sosiale gedrag as gevolg van die vrees vir geweld beïnvloed word. Die implikasies daarvan vir kleinhandelaars word ondersoek aangesien Suid-Afrikaanse kleinhandelaars direkte bemarking as 'n alternatiewe, veiliger aankoopkanaal aan veiligheidsbewuste verbruikers kan bied. Die bevindinge van 'n verkennende studie dui aan dat vroue, asook almal wat reeds slagoffers van geweld by 'n winkel of inkopiesentrum was, meer sensitief as ander mense is met betrekking to hulle veiligheid wanneer hulle aankope doen.

Avoiding drunk driving : the behaviour of South African general drivers
Peltzer, Karl 

Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the degree to which drivers participate in activities aimed at avoiding drunk-driving victimisation, and to assess protective behaviour in relation to drunk driving. The sample included 100 black and 100 white drivers drawn from the general public of an urban area in the then Northern Province of South Africa. 59% reported having practised three out of four self-protective behaviours and 68% having practised all four other-protective behaviours in the preceding twelve months. Some evidence was found to support the fear-and-victimisation model, since one or more individual factors were related to each of the four self-protective behaviours and three of the four other-protective behaviours. Important gender and racial differences were also found.

Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die mate waarin bestuurders deelneem aan gedrag om viktimisasie weens dronkbestuur te vermy, na te vors en om gedrag wat fokus op beskerming teen dronkbestuur te meet. Die proefgroep het bestaan uit 100 swart en 100 wit motorbestuurders, getrek uit die algemene publiek in 'n stedelike gebied in die destydse Noordelike Provinsie, Suid-Afrika. Die resultate dui daarop dat 59% van dié persone aan drie van die vier moontlike voorkomende, selfbeskermende optredes deelgeneem het, terwyl 68% al vier ander-beskermende optredes geopenbaar het in die loop van die afgelope twaalf maande. Daar is ook bevind dat die vrees-vir-viktimisasiemodel bevestig is. Die bevinding berus daarop dat daar 'n verband vasgestel is tussen een of meer persoonlike faktore en elkeen van die vier selfbeskermende optredes asook met drie van die vier ander-beskermende optredes. Belangrike geslags- en rasseverskille in hierdie verband is waargeneem.