African Journals Online
Health SA Gesondheid : interdisciplinary research journal

Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2002
ABSTRACTS

Die realiteit van transkulturele verpleging: 'n etiese perspektief: research

Oosthuizen, Martha J.

Abstract: Transkulturele verpleging verwys na die voorsiening van verpleegsorg aan pasiënte wie se kulturele waardes, oortuigings en lewenswyse van die van die verpleegkundige verskil. Ten einde hulle etiese verpligting na te kom om sorg van hoogstaande gehalte aan alle pasiënte te lewer, moet verpleegkundiges oor die nodige kennis beskik om oor kultuurgrense te verpleeg. Die doel met hierdie studie was om die mate waarin basiese, na-basiese en personeelontwikkelingsprogramme verpleegkundiges toerus om oor kultuurgrense te verpleeg en hul houdings jeens die kultureel-verskillende pasiënt te bepaal en om spesifieke probleme wat in die verpleging van die kultureel-verskillende pasiënt ervaar word, te identifiseer. Hierdie navorsing kan as kwantitatiewe navorsing geklassifiseer word. Data in hierdie beskrywende opnamenavorsing is deur middel van 'n vraelys ingesamel. Die navorsing is beperk tot geregistreerde verpleegkundiges in 'n akademiese hospitaal in Gauteng wat werksaam is in afdelings waar pasiënte oornag. Alle geregistreerde verpleegkundiges wat aan hierdie vereiste voldoen het, het deel uitgemaak van die populasie. Hierdie metode het verseker dat respondente van al die kultuurgroepe wat in die hospitaal verteenwoordig is ingesluit is. 'n Totaal van 219 geregistreerde verpleegkundiges het vraelyste ontvang. Geen bestaande vraelys was beskikbaar nie en die vraelys is deur die navorser ontwikkel. Die vraelys bestaan uit vyf afdelings wat biografiese besonderhede, vrae rakende respondente se basiese en na-registrasie opleiding, vrae oor professionele ondervinding, vrae oor respondente se houdings jeens kultureel-verskillende pasiënte en probleme in transkulturele verpleging insluit. Die verwerking van die data is gedoen met behulp van 'n program wat volgens die SAS-stelsel (Statistical Analysis System) V.6.09 geskryf is. Daar is verder ook gebruik gemaak van die UNIX-stelsel vir die ontleding van enkele vrae. Data is verder verwerk met behulp van 'n variansie-analise (ANOVA SS). Die bevindings van hierdie studie dui daarop dat verpleegkundiges wat kultureel-verskillende pasiënte verpleeg baie algemene ervarings en probleme deel. Alhoewel hulle dit as 'n uitdaging sien om pasiënte van verskillende kulture te verpleeg, is daar gevind dat hulle nie oor die nodige kennis beskik om kultuursensitiewe sorg te verskaf nie. Ander faktore soos die verpleegkundige se houding jeens kultureel-verskillende pasiënte, probleme met kommunikasie, wantroue en vooroordeel dra by tot die gebrek aan kultuursensitiewe sorg. Die verpleegprofessie moet aan hierdie probleme aandag gee. Die verpleegprofessie sowel as die hospitaalowerhede het 'n verantwoordelikheid teenoor die lede, werknemers en die pasiënte om verpleegkundiges toe te rus met die vaardighede en kennis wat hulle benodig om kultuursensitiewe sorg te verskaf. Probleme wat geïdentifiseer is moet aangespreek word en hospitale moet poog om unieke probleme te identifiseer en op te los.

Transcultural nursing refers to the provision of nursing care to patients whose values, beliefs and life-style differ from those of the nurse. To enable nurses to honour their ethical obligation to provide quality care, they must have the necessary knowledge to nurse patients across cultural boundaries. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which basic, post-basic and personnel development programs prepare nurses to nurse patients across cultural boundaries, to determine their attitudes towards the culturally different patient and to identify specific problems that nurses encounter when they nurse culturally different patients. This study could be classified as quantitative research. A questionnaire was used to collect data in this descriptive survey. The research is limited to registered nurses in an academic hospital in Gauteng in wards where patients stay overnight. The population consisted of all the registered nurses that met this requirement. This method ensured that respondents from all the different cultural groups represented in the hospital were included. A total of 219 registered nurses received questionnaires. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and consists of five sections that include biographical data, questions regarding respondents' basic and and post-basic training, professional experience, attitudes towards culturally different patients and problems they encounter in transcultural nursing. The processing of the data was done on a program that was written according to the SAS-system (Statistical Analysis System) V.6.09. The UNIX-system was used for the analysis of some questions while further data analysis was done with a procedure known as analysis of variance (ANOVA SS). The findings of the study suggest that nurses caring for culturally different patients share many common experiences and problems. Although they see it as a challenge to nurse patients from different cultures, it was found that they do not have the necessary knowledge to provide culture-sensitive care. Other factors, such as the nurse's attitude towards culturally different patients, problems with communication, mistrust and prejudice contribute to the lack of culture-sensitive care. It is recommended that the nursing profession pay attention to these problems. Both the nursing profession and the hospital authorities have a responsibility to the members, employees and the patients to provide nurses with the skills and knowledge they need to give culture-sensitive care. Problems that were identified should be addressed and hospitals must endeavour to identify and solve unique problems.

The role of management in promoting a motivational work setting for nurses: research

Abstract: The use of motivation and reward strategies is necessary for empowerment of staff members in their work situation. For motivation to occur in a health service, strategies should focus on self-motivation, expansion and enrichment of tasks, acknowledgement of work performances of nurses, rewards for outstanding service and constructive feedback by managers to nurses. A descriptive, explorative study was done to investigate the current motivational strategies used in health services management settings. A sample of 112 nurses completed a questionnaire that provided information relating to the employer/health service (organisational culture, personal values and expectations), the direct supervisor of a staff member (working relationships, interpersonal skills of the supervisor) and self-concept. Important strategies that should be employed by managers in the establishment of a motivational environment for staff are integrated into a conceptual framework. The framework lends itself for planning of future in-service training of nursing staff members. Special attention will be given to the following nursing management principles:

Nurses have to play their own role in the attainment of their personal objectives.

Open acknowledgement of work performances of nurses is a priority.

Nurses require support and positive feedback that fosters a feeling of self worth.

Job descriptions should not prevent staff from moving beyond their core tasks.

Change is needed in creating a new organisational climate that favours remuneration.

Based on the findings of this research study, the researcher sets out to illuminate the aspects fundamentally involved in maintenance of a motivational working climate for nursing staff members.

Die gebruik van motiverings- en beloningstrategieë vir die bemagtiging van personeellede in hulle werksituasie is nodig. Vir motivering, om in 'n gesondheidsdiens plaas te vind, behoort strategieë op selfmotivering, uitbreiding en verryking van take, erkenning van werkverrigting van verpleegkundiges, belonings vir uitstaande dienslewering en konstruktiewe terugvoer van bestuurders aan verpleegkundiges, te fokus. 'n Beskrywende, eksploratiewe studie is uitgevoer wat die huidige motiveringstrategieë wat in bestuursituasies in gesondheidsdienste gebruik word, ondersoek. 'n Steekproef van 112 verpleegkundiges het 'n vraelys voltooi wat inligting aangaande die werknemer/gesondheidsdiens (organisatoriese kultuur, persoonlike waardes en verwagtinge), die direkte toesighouer van 'n personeellid (werksverhoudinge, interpersoonlike vaardighede) en selfkonsep voorsien het. Belangrike strategieë wat deur bestuurders gebruik behoort te word in die vestiging van 'n gemotiveerde klimaat vir personeel, word in 'n konseptuele raamwerk vasgelê. Hierdie raamwerk leen homself tot toekomstige beplanning van indiensopleiding vir verpleegpersoneel. Spesiale aandag sal aan die volgende bestuursbeginsels geskenk word:

Verpleegkundiges is self betrokke by die bereiking van hulle persoonlike doelwitte.

Openlike erkenning van werkprestasies van verpleegkundiges is 'n prioriteit.

Verpleegkundiges vereis ondersteuning en positiewe terugvoer wat 'n gevoel van selfwaarde bevorder.

Werkbeskrywings behoort personeel nie te verhoed om buite hul kerntake te beweeg nie.

Verandering is nodig in die skep van 'n nuwe organisatoriese omgewing wat beloning voorstaan.

Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie navorsingstudie, poog die navorser om aspekte wat fundamenteel in die behoud van 'n motiverende werksklimaat vir verpleegpersoneellede is, uit te lig.

Factors that influence the selection of learning opportunities for student nurses in primary health care: research

Iita, H.; Alberts, U.; Van Dyk, A.; Small, L.F.

Abstract: The researcher, being a nursing lecturer, questioned the method of selection of learning opportunities for student nurses in two training hospitals in the Northern part of Namibia. The study therefore focused on the following objective: To identify the factors that influence the selection of learning opportunities for primary health care in hospital units. A qualitative research design utilising focus group discussions were used. The population consisted of conveniently selected lecturers, student nurses and registered nurses. The same initial question was asked in each focus group to initiate the discussions. The data were analysed according to Tesch's method. The results indicated that there is positive commitment from the lecturers and registered nurses to be involved in selecting appropriate learning opportunities. The student nurses also demonstrated a willingness to learn and to be exposed to learning opportunities in primary health care. There were however certain constraints that emerged as themes, namely: Managerial constraints, Educational constraints. Under the theme "managerial constraints" categories such as workload, nursing staff shortages and communication problems were identified. Under the theme "educational constraints" categories such as a lack of guidance, and the correlation of theory and practice emerged. Recommendations based on this research report include improvement of in-service education on managerial and educational aspects to facilitate the primary health care approach in hospitals.

Die navorser, uit die aard van haar posisie as 'n verpleegdosent wou bepaal of toepaslike leergeleenthede vir primêre gesondheidsorg geselekteer word vir verpleegstudente in twee opleidings hospitale in Namibië. Die studie was dus op die volgende doelwit gefokus: Die identifikasie van die faktore wat die seleksie van leergeleenthede in primêre gesondheidsorg in hospitale beïnvloed. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp met die gebruik van fokusgroepbesprekings was aangewend in hierdie studie. Deur middel van gerieflikheidseleksie is dosente, student verpleegkundiges en geregistreerde verpleegkundiges ingesluit in die studie. Dieselfde inisiëringsvraag is by elke fokusgroep gestel om die bespreking in te lei. Die analise van die data is gedoen na aanleiding van Tesch se metode. Uit die bevindings het dit geblyk dat dosente en geregistreerde verpleegkundiges hulle daarmee vereenselwig om toepaslike leergeleenthede te kies, asook om betrokke te raak ten opsigte van verantwoordbare begeleiding. Die studente het hulle bereidwilligheid getoon om te leer en om bloot gestel te word aan primêre gesondheidsorg leergeleenthede. Sekere knelpunte het egter opgeduik wat as temas beskryf is, naamlik: Bestuursknelpunte, Onderrigknelpunte. Wat betref "bestuursknelpunte" as tema is verskeie kategorieë soos werkslading, verpleegtekorte, en kommunikasie probleme geïdentifiseer. Die tema "onderrigknelpunte" het kategorieë soos 'n gebrek aan leiding, en 'n teorie / praktyk korrelasie gaping bevat. Die aanbevelings van die navorsingsverslag het indiensopleiding met betrekking tot bestuurs en onderrig aspekte aangespreek om die primêre gesondheidsbenadering te bevorder in hospitale.

Development of critical thinking skills through distance learning in developing countries: overview

Abstract: Interpersonal contact between the lecturers and students improves the development of critical thinking skills. The process is hampered by the geographical distance between the lecturers and the students in the case of distance education and learning. In many cases distance learning is, however, the only option. The distance can successfully be overcome through careful planning of contact opportunities between the lecturers and students. The development of critical thinking skills through distance education and learning is thus possible through the commitment of both the lecturers and the students.

Interpersoonlike kontak tussen dosente en studente bevorder die ontwikkeling van kritiese denkvaardighede. Met die geografiese afstand tussen dosente en studente in die geval van afstandsonderrig en leer word die proses bemoeilik. In baie omstandighede is afstandsleer egter die enigste keuse vir studente. Deur deeglike beplanning van kontakgeleenthede tussen dosente en studente kan die afstand suksesvol oorbrug word. Met die toewyding van beide die dosente en die studente is die ontwikkeling van kritiese denkvaardighede deur afstandsonderrig en leer dus wel moontlik.

A holistic group psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and its comorbid depression and anxiety: research

Bush, C.M.; Pretorius, H.G.; Stuart, A.D.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of a holistic short-term group intervention in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) with comorbid depression and anxiety. The sample consisted of 24 South African women who had been diagnosed with severe IBS. Furthermore, each participant had to have associated moderate to severe depression and anxiety. The group design was a pre-test, post-test control group design where the experimental group (n = 12) received group intervention and the members of the control group (n = 12) received no intervention until after completion of the research. All the participants completed the Functional Bowel Disorder Seventy Index and the Depression and Anxiety subscales of the Personality Assessment Inventory before commencement of group therapy for Group 1 and one month after completion of this intervention. The effect of the intervention was determined by utilising comparative statistics. The findings indicate that holistic short-term group therapy results in significant improvement in terms of depression and anxiety scores, but that IBS symptom severity remains unchanged. It is recommended that further research be conducted to ascertain whether holistic group therapy of a longer duration has a greater impact on the IBS symptom severity.

Die doel van die studie was om die effek van 'n holistiese korttermyn groepsintervensie op die behandeling van Prikkelbare Dermsindroom (PDS), met komorbiede depressie en angs, te bepaal. Die steekproef is uit 24 Suid-Afrikaanse vroue saamgestel wat gediagnoseer is met ernstige PDS. Verdermeer moes elke deelnemer geassosieerde matige tot ernstige depressie en angs hê. Die groepsontwerp was 'n pre-toets, post-toets-kontrolegroep-ontwerp waarin die eksperimentele groep (n = 12) 'n groepsintervensie ontvang het en die lede van die kontrolegroep (n = 12) geen intervensie ontvang het totdat die navorsing afgehandel was nie. Al die deelnemers het die Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index en die Depressie- en Angssubskale van die Personality Assessment Inventory voltooi voor die aanvang van groepsterapie vir Groep 1 asook een maand later na voltooiing van die intervensie. Die effek van die intervensie is deur middel van vergelykende statistieke bepaal. Die bevindings dui aan dat holistiese korttermyngroepsintervensie aanleiding gee tot betekenisvolle verbetering in terme van depressie- en angstellings, maar dat die ernstigheid van PDS-simptome onveranderd bly. Dit word aanbeveel dat verdere navorsing aangevoer word om te bepaal of langer holistiese groepsterapie 'n groter impak het op die ernstigheid van PDS-simptome.

Mothers' experiences when their infants were diagnosed with cleft lips and / or palates: research

Abstract: Traditionally the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate was made at birth or soon thereafter, but modern technology has led to the identification of cleft lip prenatally. The aim of this study was to describe 16 mothers' experiences of pre- and postnatal diagnosis of their infants' cleft lip and palate, and to develop clinical guidelines for craniofacial team members, to meet parental expectations and needs in both pre- and postnatal periods. In order to provide the best possible care to each affected child and the most effective support to each mother, it is of the utmost importance that craniofacial teams have guidelines to assist them in developing a more accountable, effective and sensitive service to these mothers. An exploratory, descriptive quantitative survey research design was selected to describe mothers' reactions to and perceptions of the pre- and postnatal diagnosis. Scheduled structured interviews were used as a data collecting technique. The results indicated that, irrespective of the time of diagnosis, the mothers required support that included emotional support, information, interaction with other parents of children with clefts, and a team approach. This study emphasised the importance of understanding parental preferences in order to enhance the team approach and also highlighted the need for further research.

Tradisioneel is die diagnose van gesplete lip en verhemelte met geboorte, of kort daarna gemaak, maar moderne tegnologie het gelei tot die identifikasie van gesplete lip prenataal. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 16 moeders se ervarings van die pre- en postnatale diagnose van hul babas se gesplete lip en verhemelte, te beskryf, en om sodoende kliniese riglyne te ontwikkel vir kraniofasiale spanlede, ten einde hulle toe te rus om aan ouers se behoeftes te voldoen in die pre- en postnatale periodes. Ten einde die beste moontlike versorging te bied aan elke kind wat geaffekteer is, en aan elke moeder die mees effektiewe ondersteuning te gee, is dit uiters belangrik dat die kraniofasiale spanlede oor riglyne sal beskik wat hulle sal ondersteun om 'n meer verantwoordbare, effektiewe en sensitiewe diens te lewer. 'n Beskrywende kwantitatiewe opname navorsingsontwerp is gekies om moeders se reaksies en persepsies van die pre- en postnatale diagnose te beskryf. Geskeduleerde, gestruktureerde onderhoude is gebruik as data opname tegniek. Die resultate het aangedui dat ongeag die tyd van diagnose, moeders ondersteuning benodig. Hierdie ondersteuning sluit in emosionele ondersteuning, inligting, interaksie met ander ouers van kinders met gesplete lip en / of verhemelte, en 'n spanbenadering. Die resultate het die behoefte aan verdere navorsing na vore gebring.

Are parents of children with cochlear implants coping?: research

Abstract: Many variables must be considered during the evaluation and rehabilitation of children for cochlear implantation, one of which is parental influence (for the duration of this report the parents, caregivers and guardians of children with cochlear implants and / or hearing impairments will be referred to as 'parents'). The aim of this study was to obtain a description of the influence that parental knowledge and attitudes have concerning cochlear implants, the implant program, and communication development. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to obtain data. Of the 33 questionnaires distributed, 17 were returned and used for data recording and analysis procedures. The results obtained indicate that most of the parents have sufficient knowledge and appropriate attitudes. Some areas of ignorance do however exist. There were only a small number of parents who were aware of the importance of selection criteria characteristics and factors that could influence implant performance. The parents were generally satisfied with the services that were supplied by the cochlear implant team, but they did identify some shortcomings in the team structure. Firstly, the parents felt that paediatricians needed to be more involved in the implantation and rehabilitation process. Secondly, they also expressed a need for the cochlear implant team to make a more conscious effort of including school personnel in the education and training of factors related to the cochlear implant. A significant factor that is confirmed by this research is the need for further investigation of parents as influential variables in the development of their implanted children's auditory, language and communication skills.

Baie veranderlikes moet in ag geneem word tydens die evaluasie en rehabilitasie van kinders met kogleêre inplantings. Een hiervan is die invloed van die ouer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n beskrywing van ouers se kennis van, en houding teenoor kogleêre inplantings, die inplantingsprogram, en kommunikasie-ontwikkeling te bepaal. Vraelyste is vir data-insameling gebruik. Van die 33 vraelyste wat versprei is, is 17 teruggestuur. Die data-ontleding toon dat die meeste ouers voldoende kennis en toepaslike houdings het. Enkele kennis leemtes is wel geïdentifiseer. Daar was slegs 'n paar ouers wat bewus was van die belangrikheid van seleksie-kriteria, en die faktore wat inplantingsprestasie kan beinvloed. Die ouers was oor die algemeen tevrede met die diens wat die inplantingspan verskaf het, maar was van mening dat die spanstruktuur uitgebrei behoort te word. Eerstens is aangedui dat die pediater meer in die inplantings-en rehabilitasieproses betrokke behoort te wees. Tweedens het ouers ook aangedui dat daar 'n behoefte is vir die kogleêre inplantingspan om meer bewuste pogings aan te wend om skoolpersoneel in die program in te sluit. 'n Belangrike element wat deur hierdie studie bevestig is, is dat daar nog 'n behoefte is om ouers as invloedryk veranderlike in hulle geïmplanteerde kind se ouditiewe, taal en kommunikasie-ontwikkeling na te vors.

Characteristics of noise induced hearing loss in gold miners: research

Soer, Maggi M.; Pottas, Lidia; Edwards, Anita L.

Abstract: The characteristics of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in gold miners of different ages and occupation types were examined and the incidence of tinnitus, vertigo/balance problems and nausea were determined. The results indicate that as a group these subjects had symmetrical bilateral, mild hearing loss in the frequencies below 2000 Hz deteriorating to a moderate sloping hearing loss in the frequencies above 2000 Hz, and the loss did not demonstrate the expected "notch" at 4000 Hz that is usually found in NIHL. The average deterioration in the pure tone thresholds of gold miners was 3.5 dB at 500 Hz, 2.75 dB at 1000 Hz, 15.37 dB at 2000 Hz, 19.12 dB at 3000 Hz, 20.87 dB at 4000 Hz and 14.16 dB at 6000 Hz for every ten years of age. The pattern of hearing loss varies for the different occupation types with machine operators being the most severely affected. The majority of tinnitus sufferers were in the age range 30-60 years and 57.8 % were in the under 60 years old category, while in the over 60 years category the incidence was 4.8%. The incidence of vertigo and nausea was found to be 27% in this population. The results of this study will equip the audiologist to deal more effectively with diagnostic testing, successful hearing aid fitting and aural rehabilitation in this population. The study highlights the need for greater awareness and the imparting of detailed information to gold miners about the impact of noise on their hearing.

Die kenmerke van geraas-geinduseerde gehoorverlies is bepaal vir 'n groep goudmyners van verskillende ouderdomme en tydperke van diens. Variante wat ondersoek is, is gehoordrempels, voorkoms van tinnitus, Vertigo / balans-steurnisse en voorkoms van naarheid. Die resultate toon dat hierdie populasie oor die algemeen 'n bilaterale simmetriese gehoorverlies het, wat in die frekwensies onder 2000 Hz gering is maar daarna verswak tot 'n gemiddelde verlies in die frekwensies bo 2000 Hz. Die oudiogram bevat nie die keep by 4000 Hz wat kenmerkend van geraas-geinduseerde gehoorverlies is nie. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse afname in gehoorvermoe vir myners was 3.5 dB by 500 Hz, 2.75 dB by 1000 Hz, 15.37 dB by 2000 Hz, 19.12 dB by 3000 Hz, 20.87 dB by 4000 Hz en 14.16 dB by 6000 Hz vir elke tien jaar van ouderdom. Die patroon van die oudiogram het verskil vir die verskeie werksoorte, en masjien-operateurs se gehoor was die meeste aangetas. Die meerderheid tinnitus-lyers kom voor in die ouderdomsgroep 30-60 jaar. In die ouderdoms-groep onder 60 jaar het die meeste tinnitus-lyers voorgekom (57.8%), terwyl 4.8% in die bo 60-jaar groep voorkom. Vertigo / balans-probleme en naarheid kom by 27% van hierdie bevolking voor. Die resultate van die studie sal die oudioloog beter toerus vir diagnostiese toetsing, suksesvolle gehoorapparaatpassing en aurale rehabilitasie by hierdie spesifieke populasie. Die studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid vir groter bewusmaking by goudmyners, en inligtingverskaffing oor die uitwerking van geraas op hul gehoorvermoe.

Ultrasound as method to visualise and compare the different sucking patterns between breastfed and bottle-feeding infants - a pilot study: research

Abstract: The purpose of this pilot study research was to determine whether ultrasonography can be used to directly visualise and compare the difference in sucking patterns and -mechanisms between infants who were breastfeeding and infants who were bottle-feeding with different types of bottle teats. The main aim of the study was not to determine whether nipple confusion exists, but to determine what the best diagnostic method will be to diagnose nipple confusion. A randomised controlled trial was done and an experimental and control group were used. Ultrasonography was used to directly visualise and compare the difference in sucking patterns and -mechanisms between infants who were breastfeeding and infants who were bottle-feeding. Different makes of bottle teats were compared. There were no statistical differences between any of the variables with significance variance in the different measurements. The null hypothesis can therefore be accepted. There are no differences in nipple and tongue measurements between infants who were bottle-feeding with different types of bottle teats. The sample sizes were very small which makes it more difficult to come to a conclusion. The research showed that ultrasonography can be used to visualise different aspects of neonatal sucking as well as the characteristics of nipples and teats during and between sucking.

Die doel van hierdie voorstudie was om te bepaal of ultraklank gebruik kan word om die verskillende suigpatrone en meganismes tussen babas wat borsvoeding en babas wat bottelvoeding met verskillende botteltiete, ontvang, te visualiseer. Die hoof doel van die studie was nie om vas te stel of tepelverwarring bestaan nie, maar om vas te stel watter metode die beste sal wees om dit te diagnoseer. 'n Ewekansige eksperimentele ontwerp is gevolg en eksperimentele en kontrole groepe is gebruik. Ultraklank is gebruik om die verskillende suigpatrone en meganismes tussen babas wat borsvoeding en babas wat bottelvoeding met verskillende bottel tiete, ontvang, te visualiseer. Verskillende soorte bottel tiete is vergelyk. Geen statistiese verskille is gevind tussen enige van die veranderlikes nie. Die nul hipotese kan gevolglik aanvaar word. Daar is geen verskille in tepel- en tong afmetings tussen die babas wat voeding met die verskillende soorte tiete ontvang het nie. Die steekproewe was baie klein, wat die maak van gevolgtrekkings bemoeilik. Die navorsing het getoon dat ultraklank gebruik kan word om verskillende aspekte van neonatale suiging, asook die eienskappe van die verskillende tiete gedurende en tussen suigaksies, te visualiseer.

Implementation of EMDR(R) with cancer patients: research

Peters, Elzabe; Wissing, Marie P.; Du Plessis, Wynand F.

Abstract: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR(R)), developed in 1987 and proved highly effective in treating psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memories. It was hypothesised that EMDR(R) would enhance coping in patients traumatised by a cancer diagnosis and / or treatment, as indicated by their subjective responses and levels of depression, anxiety, satisfaction with life, positive-negative affect balance and sense of coherence. A descriptive multiple case-study method was implemented. Three cases were treated by EMDR(R) and three by a supportive method. Data collection was triangulised in terms of semi-structured interviews, quantitative measuring instruments and interviews by an external validator. Findings were consistently in favour of EMDR(R). The results confirmed EMDR(R)'s efficacy in terms of beneficial clinical outcomes on both objective and subjective measures of change.

Oogbeweging desensitisering en herprosessering (EMDR(R)) is sedert 1987 as hoogs effektief bewys in die behandeling van psigologiese versteurings gewortel in traumatiese herinneringe. Daar is gehipotetiseer dat EMDR(R) pasiente wat weens 'n kankerdiagnose en / of -behandeling getraumatiseer is, kon help om dit te hanteer, soos aangedui deur hul subjektiewe ervaringe en vlakke van depressie, angstigheid, lewenstevredenheid, positief-negatiewe affek balans en koherensiesin. 'n Beskrywende meervoudige gevallestudiemetode is geimplementeer. Drie gevalle is met EMDR(R) behandel en drie ander deur 'n ondersteunende intervensie. Data-insameling is getrianguleer in terme van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, kwantitatiewe meetinstrumente en onderhoude deur 'n eksterne valideerder. Bevindinge was deurgaans ten gunste van EMDR(R). Die resultate het EMDR(R) se effektiwiteit in terme van voordelige kliniese uitkomste op beide objektiewe en subjektiewe maatstawwe van verandering bevestig.