African
Journals Online
Nigerian Journal Of Natural Products And Medicine
Volume
6, November 2002
Abstracts
ANTIVIRAL
EFFECT OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS 1:
EFFECT OF DIOSPYROS BATERI, DIOSPYROS MONBUTENSIS AND
SPHENOCENTRUM JOLLYANUM ON POLIO VIRUSES
J. O.
Moody, V. A. Roberts and J. A. Adeniji*
Department
of Pharmacognosy and *Department of Virology, College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, NIGERIA
KEY
WORDS: Diospyrus
bateri, Diospyros monbutensis, Sphenocentrum jollyanum,
polio virus
ABSTRACT
Methanolic
extracts of the different morphological parts of three medicinal
plants, Diospyros bateri, Diospyros monbutensis and Sphenocentrum
jollyanum were evaluated for their antiviral activities on polio
virus Types 1, 2, and 3. The
leaf and root extracts of S. jollyanum, the seed extracts of D.
monbutensis as well as the leaf extract of D. bateri were
active against polio virus Type 2 in both the ‘post-treatment
assay’ and ‘pre-treatment assay’ protocols.
The seed extract of D. bateri were active against polio
virus Type 2 in ‘post-treatment assay only’.
Toxicity level of each plant extract or indicator cell lines
were also determined and found to range from Minimum Cytotoxic Dose
(MCD50) of 3.9x10-3 mg ml-1 for crude
methanol leaf extract of S. jollyanum on Hep-2 (Human Epithelia
cell line) to MCD50 of 1.2x10-7 mg ml-1
for leaf methanol extract of D. bateri on Vero cell line
(African Green Monkey Fibroblast).
Phytochemical screening of the plants revealed that tannins and
saponins were present in the three plants while only D. monbutensis
contain both combined and free anthraquinones.
TOXICITY
OF SOME PLANTS IMPLICATED AS POISONS IN NIGERIAN ETHNOMEDICINE TO RATS
Ajibesin,
K. K., Bala, D, N., Ekpo, B. A. J. and *Adesanya, S. A.
Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Uyo and
*Department
of Pharmacognosy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Coula edulis, Olacaceae, Caladium bicolor,
Araceae, Anchomanes difformis, Araceae, Telfairia
occidentalis, Curcurbitaceae, Pterocarpus mildbraedii,
Fabaceae, Stachytarpheta indica, Verbernaceae, Euphorbia
kamerunica, Euphorbiaceae, Blighia sapinda, Sapindaceae,
Toxicity.
ABSTRACT:
Different
parts of eight plants implicated in Akwa Ibom ethnomedicinal
literature as toxic were examined for toxicity in rats after oral and
intraperitoneal administration. Only
the ethanolic extract of S. indica leaves was toxic by both
oral and intraperitoneal routes.
The extract of C. edulis roots, E. kamerunica
leaves, T. occidentalis root, P. mildbreadii root and B.
sapinda leaves were only toxic at various dose levels through the
intraperitoneal route.
GASTRIC
AND DUODENAL ANTIULCER AND CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CISSUS
QUADRANGULARIS L. VARIAN II IN RATS.
Anoop
Austin* and M. Jagdeesan**
*Deputy
Manager/R & D Siddha, Pharm Products, Thanjavur – 613005;
**Department
of Siddha Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur
– 613005, India.
*Correspondence:
Phone (Residence): 91-4362-43979
e-mail:
anoop [email protected]
Keywords:
Cissus quadrangularis, Vitaceae, antiulcer activities,
cytoprotective, mucin production, seasonal changes
ABSTRACT:
Aqureous
ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Cissus quadrangularis
L. variant II (Vitaceae) was found to possess antiulcer activities.
It also has cytoprotective, mucin stimulation activities and
selectively increased prostaglandin synthesis thereby decreasing the
incidence of ulcer. Samples
collected during the flowering period were effective than those at the
vegetative period.
ALKALOID
CONTENT OF THE LEAVES OF THREE NBIGERIAN DATURA SPECIES
Nuhu,
H. and *Ghani, A.
Department
of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahamadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria
*Department
of Pharmacy, Jahangir Nagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Keywords:
Alkaloids, Datura innoxia,
Datura metel, Datura stramonium, medicinal plants,
hyoscyamine and hyoscine.
ABSTRACT:
The Datura
species are sources of the tropane alkaloids employed as sedatives,
antispasmodic and mydiatic agents.
Three species of Datura grow naturally in Nigeria.
These are D. innoxia Mill, D. metel L. and D.
stramonium L. TLC analysis of the individual alkaloids in the leaves of
these species indicated the presence of hyoscyamine and hyoscine.
The other alkaloids were tropine, tigloidine and meteloidine.
An unknown alkaloid was also detected in D. stramonium.
Total alkaloid content was determined in the plants to be 1.75%
+SD in D.innoxia, 1.22%+SD in D. metel and 1.29+SD in D.
stramonium. The
official drug (leaves) should contain 0.2-0.5% of total alkaloid to be
considered as a standard drug. The
results indicated that these Nigerian Datura species are good
quality drugs that could be used as sources of these important
alkaloids and D. innoxia should
be included with the other two in the African pharmacopoeia.
THE
EFFECTS OF SOME SYNTHESISED STILBENE ANALOGUES ON ARTEMIA SALINA
NAUPALII AND GERMINATION OF SORGHUM BICOLOR SEEDS
D. A.
Sogbaike, A. O. Ogundaini and 1S. A. Adesanya
Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and 1Department of
Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Keywords:
Stilbene, bibenzylalcohol, dihyrobibenzyl, Artemia salina,
Sorghum bicolor, toxicity
ABSTRACT:
Six
stilbene and their corresponding bibenzyl alcohols with no
substitution on one ring were synthesized via the Grignard route.
Corresponding dihydrostilbenes were obtained by transfer
hydrogenation of the stilbenes. Dihydropinosylvin,
the major phytoalexin in Dioscorea species was obtainend by
demethylation of 3,5 dimethoxybibenzyl. P-Hydroxystilbene (LC50 1.0mg/ml), m-hydroxy
stilbene (LC501.48) and 4-methoxy stilbene (LC508.0)
were the most toxic to A. salina nauplii followed by their
respective dihyrostilbene. The
highest inhibition of germination of S. bicolor seeds were
exhibited by the dihyrostilbenes especially dihyropinosylvin and its
methylated derivative.
THE
SKIN TOLERANCE OF SHEA FAT EMPLOYED AS EXCIPIENT IN TOPICAL
PREPARATIONS
A. O.
Oyedele
Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile
Ife, Nigeria
Keywords:
Shea fat, ointment base, natural product, raw material, skin
tolerance commercial products survey.
ABSTRACT:
The skin
tolerance of shea fat when used as excipient in topical products has
been investigated. Skin
irritation or sensitivity testing was carried out in a preliminary
skin patch-application pilot study of graded extemporaneous
formulations of the indigenous shea fat base with 25 volunteers.
A field study by interview was also conducted among 500 users
and traders of shea fat-based products, drawn from major city
commercial centers across six middle belt and southern states of
Nigeria in a bid to determine any side effects known to users that
shea fat-based products had ever produced.
The objective of this survey was to pool and analyze
information on any subliminal or incidental skin irritation or
sensitivity to the products gathered from both long-term and recent
users of the products. High
concentrations (45%, 75%) of Nigerian shea fat in preparations
employed in the pilot study were neither irritant nor sensitizing to
skin of all volunteers tested. Similarly,
the survey revealed that the fat is harmless on skin in topical
products. Up to 12
years’ continued use of these products had been unconnected with any
adverse skin effect. Indigenous
shea fat is therefore recommended as well tolerated and suitable for
use in topical products.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC
STUDIES ON THE LEAVES OF PAVETTA CRASSIPES
U. A.
Katsayal and E. M. Abdurahman
Department
of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Nigeria
Key
Words:
Pavetta crassipes, macroscopy, chemomiscroscopy,
pharmacognostic standards
ABSTRACT:
The plant
Pavetta crassipes K. Schum (syn.P.barteri) is a shrub or
small tree widespread in the tropical savannah.
In Nigeria, the leaves of this plant are used medicinally in
the management of respiratory infections and abdominal disorders.
The leaves are also used in Tanzania in the treatment of
gonorrhoea, while in Central Africa, the acid infusion of the leaves
are taken as cough remedy. We report the macroscopy, microscopy and some pharmacognostic
standards such as moisture content, ash and extractive values for the
leaves of P.crassipes, which could be used to prepare a
monograph for proper identification of the plant.
HYPOGLYCAEMIC
EFFECTS OF NIGERIAN ZINGIBER OFFICINALE RHIZOME ON EXPERIMENTAL
DIABETIC RATS
Kalejaiye,
O. F., Iwalewa, E. O.1, Omobuwajo, O. R.2 and
Oyedapo. O. O.3
Department
of Pharmacology1, Pharmacognosy2, and
Biochemistry3, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun
State, Nigeria.
Key
Words:
Anti-diabetic effects, Zingiber officinale, Ginger,
hypoglycaemic agent, STZ induced diabetic, Glucose-induced
hyperglycaemia.
ABSTRACT:
The
aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)
rhizome was studied in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Glucose-induced
diabetic rats to evaluate its hypoglycaemic activity.
The aqueous extract was administered intraperitoneally at
2g/kg, 4g/kg and 8g/kg. The
hypoglycaemic effect produced by the extract in STZ induced diabetic
rates and glucose-induced hyperglycaemia were found to be shown 30 min
after drug administration having high significant value as compared to
diabetic control rats. However,
there is no significant change with increase in dose between 4 and
8g/kg in STZ diabetic rats. When
compared to chlopromide (45mg/kg), the aqueous extract if ginger at
2g/kg was of equal potency. Hypoglycaemic
effect was also observed in glucose-induced hyperglycaemia when 4kg/kg
of ginger extract was used under the same conditions.
The results of this study indicate that the acute dose of
aqueous extract of Nigerian cultivated Zingiber officinale
rhizome exhibited hypoglycaemic activity.
THE
ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES
O. O.
Amole and *O. G. Yusuf
Lagos
State University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, PMB
21266, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.
Key
Words:
Analgesic effect, Chenopodium, thermal hot plate, mice.
ABSTRACT:
Aqueous
extract of the leaf of Chenopodium ambrosides, a Nigeria
traditional medicinal plant, has been evaluated for its analgesic
potential in mice. The
analgesic potential of the plant extract was studied using the thermal
(hot plate) test. The
plant extract was found effective at the dose of 0.4g/kg and 0.8g/kg
in elevating pain threshold test.
Phytochemical screening of the plant reveals the presence of
saponins, alkaloids and volatile oils.
The LD50 was calculated to be 4.0g/kg.
C. ambrosioides was found to protect mice from the
sensation of pain due to thermal stimulus.
.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
PROPERTIES OF
THE
ROOT BARK OF ALSTONIA BOONEI
Osadebe,
P. O.
Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Nigeria
Key
Words:
Astonia boonei root bark, alcoholic extract,
anti-inflammatory activity, egg white-induced oedema.
ABSTRACT:
The
anti-inflammatory properties of the root bark of Alstonia boonei,
De wild (Apocynaceae) was studied using egg white-induced rat hind paw
oedema as a model of acute inflammation.
The alcoholic extract showed a significant protection of the
paw against the induced inflammation.
The result justified its use in herbal medicine for the
treatment of rheumatic and breast pains.
PHYTOCHEMICAL
STUDY AND NUTRITIVE POTENTIAL OF AFROFRITOMIA SYLEVESTRIS LEAF
C. S.
Iwuoha Odoemena, A. E. Sampson, *Bala Danladi and *K. K. Ajibesin
Department
of Botany and *Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine,
University of Uyo, Uyo
Key Words:
Afrofritomia sylvestris, Phytochemistry, Nutritive
values
ABSTRACT:
Afrofritomia
sylvestris leaf contains alkaloids,
flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and
terpenes. The proximate composition and contents of the leaf showed
24.5% ash, 6.94% crude protein, 2.75% crude fibre and 8.5%
carbohydrate while the mineral elements composition revealed high
contents of Na+ (11990mg/100g), Ca++(95.8mg/100g),
K+ (69.23mg/100g) and Mg++(71.00mg/100g).
It also contains low levels of vitamins A and C.
The anti-nutritive components of the leaf were very low and
negligible except in total and soluble oxalates contents.
The study has established A. sylvestris leaf as a good
source of mineral elements. In
the southeastern Nigeria, rural inhabitants supplement their leafy
needs with the “hunters weed” which is often added to soup.
IN
VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA AND ITS TISSUE
CULTURE
Shahrear
Ahmed1, M. N. Amin1, Adeeba Anjum2, M. E. Haque2
and
M.
A. Mosaddik3*
1Department
of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh, 2Department
of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshai-6205, Bangladesh,
3Centre
for Phytochemistry, Southern Cross University NSW-2480, Australia.
Key
Words:
Antibacterial, Rauvolfia serpentina, tissue culture,
callus, methanol extract, phytomedicine
ABSTRACT:
The in
vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of leaf, root of
Rauvolfia serpentina and its tissue culture callus, root, leaf
were investigated. The
extract showed a good antibacterial activity against gram negative
organisms, which may be due to the presence of alkaloid in the
extract.
ANTIFUNGAL
PRINCIPLE FROM THE STEM BARK OF BERLINA GRANDIFLORA
Nkechi
M. Enwerem, Joseph I. Okogun, Charles O. Wambebe and 1Domingo
A. Okorie
National
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development,
PMB 21,
Abuja FCT, Nigeria
1Department
of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Key
Words:
Berlina grandiflora, antifungal activity, lupeol and Cladosporium
cucumerinium
ABSTRACT:
Lup-20(29)-en-3b-ol
[lupeol] was isolated from the hexane fraction of the stem bark of Berlina
grandiflora. The
compound showed significant antifungal activity against Cladosporium
cucumerinium.
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