African
Journals On-line
Tropical Veterinarian
Volume 20(3), 2002
Abstracts
Further Pasteurella Isolates from the republic of Zambia: A brief report
Falade, S.
Samora Machel School of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Zambia, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
Keywords: Pneumonic pasteurellosis, Pasteurella
hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida.
Abstract
P.hemolytica (6 strains) and P.multocida (12
strains) were isolated from cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis in
Lusaka, Zambia. All P. hemolytica strains were of biotype
A, while P. multocida strains belonged to capsular types
A, D, and somatic types 3 and 4. Two untypable strains of P.dagmatis
were also isolated.
Growth-Suppressing Effect of Calotropis procera (Giant
Milkweed) on Body Weight and the Male Reproductive Organs of Wistar Rats
*Akinloye, A. K.1, Abatan, M. O.,2, Onwuka, S. K.1 and Oke, B.
O.1
1Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria
2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology,
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, epididymis,
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, testes
*Correspondence Address
Abstract
The effect of oral administration of 2mg/gm-body weight of
aqueous extract of Calotropis procera on the body weights
and reproductive organ weights, in fifty male Wistar rats was
investigated. Body weight showed significant decrease (P<0.05)
over time in the treated animals. Test rats treated for 14, 28
and 35 days had significant (P<0.05) decrease in mean relative
testicular weight compared to the control, whereas only test rats
treated for 7 and 28 days had significant decrease (P<0.05) in
relative epididymal weight. Accessory sex glands decreased
significantly in relative weight (P<0.05) in rat treated for
28 and 35 days. Observations from this study suggest that fresh
leaf extract of Calotropis procera has growth -
suppressing effects on the body weight and reproductive organs in
male Wistar rat.
Prevalence of FasciolOsis and Oesophagostomosis among
slaughter Animals in Imo State, Nigeria and their correlation
with Emaciation diagnosed at Ante-Mortem
Okoli I.C..;1 Nwokeocha Joy R.;1 Okoli, Chidi G.2 and Ogundu,
Uduak, E.1
1. Tropical Animal Health and Production Research Lab.
Department of Animal Science and Technology
Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
2. Department of Environmental Technology
Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
Keyword: Abattoir, fasciolosis, oesophagostomosis,
emaciation, Imo State
Abstract
The prevalence of fasciolosis and oesophagostomosis among
cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered in Imo State from 1995 to
1999 and their correlation with cases of emaciation observed at
ante-mortem inspection were studied. Of the 62362 cattle, 4265
sheep and 17904 goats slaughtered during the period, 4378 (7.0%),
144 (3.4%) and 505 (2.8%) were infected with fasciola
respectively. Oesophagostomosis was observed among goats only and
gave an overall prevalence of 2.2%. There was a clear seasonal
pattern of fasciolosis in all the species with highest rates
being witnessed in early dry and wet seasons. Monthly prevalence
rates of fasciolosis, oesophagostomosis and emaciation among the
species were significantly (P<0.05) different. Mean
frequencies of occurrence of fasciolosis and emaciation in cattle
were 6.97 and 1.09, while in sheep they were 4.72 and 4.89. Among
goats, the frequencies of occurrence of fasciolosis,
oesphagostomosis and emaciation were 2.93, 2.28 and 2.64
respectively. The linear response of emaciation to fasciolosis in
sheep was significant at 5% level, giving the impression that 70%
of the variations as a result of emaciation could be accounted
for by a linear function involving influence of fasciolosis. In
cattle and goats only 17.5% and 26% respectively of the
variations as a result of emaciation could be accounted by a
linear function involving influence of percentage fasciolosis and
or oesophagostomosis. It was concluded that fasciolosis and
oesophagostomosis were moderately prevalent among ruminants
slaughtered in the state and that ante-mortem scores of
emaciation among the sheep could positively reflect incidence of
fasciolosis in that specie.
Vaginal hyperplasia in Nigeria Local bitch: Case Report
Ajala, Oluwatoyin. O., Ajadi, R.A., Oyeyemi, M.O., Emikpe, B.O., Akusu, M.O.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan
Abstract
A 21/2-year-old local bitch was diagnosed as having vaginal
hyperplasia by both physical examination and histopathology. The
mass, which was firm and whitish in colour, measured about 5cm in
diameter, was reducible and protruded out of the vulva.
Vagina cytology confirmed that the bitch was in proestrus. The
mass was surgically resected due to frequent prolapses and
contamination. Histopathology showed the mass to be vagina
epithelium with numerous fibrous connective tissue.
Comparative Efficacy Study of Homidium Bromde, Diminazene
Aceturate and Their combination in New Zealand White Rabbits
Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma Congolense.
Dina, O.A., 1Saba, A.B., Adedapo, A.A., Akinyemi, O.A.
Omobowale, T.O.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Keywords: Trypanocides, Combination therapy,
Haematology, Drug resistance
1Corresponding author
Abstract
Comparative efficacy study of homidium bromide (Ethidium®),
diminazene aceturate (Berenil®) and their combination
(Ethidium®) was conducted on New Zealand while male rabbits
experimentally infected with T. congolense. Parasitaemia
was accompanied by significant depression of haematological
parameters 28 days post-inoculation. While ethidium, berenil and
their combination reduced trypanosomes to non-detectable levels
in the blood. The average percentage restoration of
haematological parameters to normal range 14 days post-treatment
varied considerably; trypanocide combination (85%), ethidium
(73%) and berenil (65%). The higher efficacy of trypanocide
combination compared to single drug therapy and the usefulness of
drug combination as a temporary measure to minimizing development
of drug resistance is highlighted.
Serological Evidence of Influenza A virus serotypes (H1 N1
and H5 N1) IN CHICKEN in Nigeria
Owoade, A. A.1; Adeniji, J. A. 2 and Olatunji,1 M. O.
1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria.
Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria
Keywords: H1N1 and H5N1 influenza A, chicken
Sera, Nigeria.
Abstract
One hundred sera samples from chicken flocks showing
respiratory distress but failed to respond to treatment against
chronic respiratory disease (CRD) were tested for avian influenza
virus antibodies. The sera samples were collected from 5, 32, and
21 weeks old broilers, broiler breeders and pullets respectively.
All the 100 sera samples from the three flocks were positive for
influenza virus serotype H1N1 antibodies. In addition 35.3%,
57.14% and 93.42% were positive for H5 N1 serotype in the
broilers, broiler breeder and point of lay pullets respectively.
The clinical and public health implications of the presence of
antibodies to these influenza A virus serotypes in chicken flocks
are discussed.
Canine and Human Rabies in Cameroon
Awah Ndukum J.1; Tchoumboue J. and Tong J. C.2.
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon.
Keywords: Rabies, canine, human, distribution,
control, Cameroon.
Abstract
This paper is a retrospective review of recorded rabies and
antirabies activities in Cameroon from 1990 to 1999 to determine
the current state of rabies in both dogs and humans. Rabies and
antirabies activities were recorded every year in Cameroon
through out the 10-year study period with the highest values
observed in the Centre, Littoral and West provinces which are the
most urban places. A total of 38,784 suspected rabid dogs were
quarantined and 129,266 pets were vaccinated against rabies.
About 1.86% of the quarantined dogs died during observation while
0.85% of them were confirmed positive for rabies. The mean annual
numbers of quarantined dogs and dogs that died during quarantine
in the country were 3933 + 1503 and 73 + 74
respectively. However, mean annual values of 1293 + 2173,
33 + 22 and 43 + 13 were also obtained for canine
antirabies vaccination, confirmed canine rabies cases and human
deaths due to rabies respectively. Although, the distributions of
these follow the urban/rural nature of the country, human rabies
seem to be more in the rural areas contrary to canine rabies
which is more urban in nature. Also, poor accessibility to the
main diagnostic laboratories affected the number of confirmed
canine rabies cases recorded from the various provinces. Other
factors which are obstacles to effective antirabies activities in
Cameroon were also discussed.
Radiographic Estimation of the Location and Size of kidneys in Nigerian local dogs:
Short Communication
AJADI, R. A., ADENE, O. T., IGHALO, O.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan
Keywords: Radiography, Location, Kidney size,
Local dogs
Abstract
The kidneys of dogs and cats are located retroperitoneally
(Bjorling, 1993). Visualization of the kidneys on radiographs is
possible due to the contrast provided by the perirenal fat
(Grandage, 1975). However, this perirenal fat rarely covers the
ventral surface of the kidney and are absent in lean dogs. Thus
interpretation of abnormality on survey radiograph is based on a
good knowledge of the radiological anatomy of the kidney
(Brodsky, et al., 1977). This knowledge include the sizes
and locations of the kidneys.
Reports on exotic breeds revealed that the right kidney is
located between the last thoracic (T13) and second lumbar
(L2) vertebrae while the left kidney is located between the first
Lumbar (L1) and the third Lumbar (L3) vertebrae (Finco, et
al., 1971; Osborne and Fletcher, 1995). However, to date,
there is no report on the radiological parameters of the kidney
of the local dogs. This study was therefore carried out to
establish the length, width and location of both kidneys in local
dogs.
Ten local dogs comprising of 8 non-lactating non-pregnant
bitches and 2 intact male dogs with an average weight of 10.7+1.2kg
were used for this study. They were judged to be in good general
health and with no kidney abnormality based on the results of
complete physical examination, serum creatinine and urinalysis of
urine samples obtained by cystocentesis. Prior to radiography,
the dogs were fasted overnight and saline enema administered to
empty the colorectum of feaces. They were sedated for radiography
using atropine and 2% xylazine (Chanazine, Chanelle
pharmaceuticals) at the intramuscular dosage rates of 0.04mg/kg
and 2.0mg/kg, respectively. In order to improve the opacification
of the kidney for proper visualization, 76% urograffin (Schering
pharmaceuticals) was administered intravenously through the
cephalic vein at the dosage rate of 800mg/kg (Morgan and
Silverman, 1983). Ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph of the dog
was then obtained immediately after the injection of urograffin.
The location, length and width of the left and right kidneys
were determined from each radiograph. Both the length and width
were measured in relation to the length of the second lumbar
vertebrae (L2). The length of the kidney was taken as the
distance between the cranial and caudal poles while the width was
taken as the diameter from the hilus to the capsule on the
opposite side. The means of the length and width, of the right
and left
Cassava Leaf Meal and Exogenous Enzyme as Supplements in Broiler Finisher Diets
Iyayi, Eustace A. and Okhankhuele, Dona O.
Nutritional Biochemistry & Biotechnology Unit
Department of Animal Science
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
In a 4-week trial, seventy four-week old broiler chicks of
Anak strain were randomly allocated to 7 experimental diets. Each
dietary treatment had 5 replicates with 2 birds each making a
total of 10 birds per diet. Diet 1 was the control diet with 15%
level of groundnut cake (GNC). But in diets 2, 3, and 4 there was
partial replacement of GNC with CLM by 33.33%, 50% and 66.67%
such that the levels of cassava leaf meal (CLM) supplementation
were 5%, 7.5% and 10% but in addition Avizyme® (an exogenous
commercial polysaccharidase) was added to the diets at the rate
of 100g kg-1. The birds were fed and given water ad libitum
for 4 weeks.
Feed intake was similar for birds on all the experimental
diets but enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.05)
improved feed intake. Body weight gain was significantly
(P<0.05) increased with CLM and enzyme supplementation through
improved efficiency of food utilization and feed conversion.
Among the organs and carcass parts, only the liver and breasts
recorded significant (P<0.05) increases in their weights
following CLM and enzyme supplementation. The blood
haematological parameters were not significantly (P>0.05)
affected. CLM and enzyme supplementation produced a reduction in
weekly cost of feed/bird and the weekly feed cost/weight gain of
birds.
Results of the study suggest that broiler finisher diets can
have up to 66.67% of its GNC replaced with CLM (i.e. 10% CLM of
diet). Addition of an exogenous enzyme to such diets further
enhanced the performance of the birds with a beneficial reduction
in the cost of feeding them.
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